Identify Engine Problem by Reading Spark Plug

A spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed petrol by means of an electric spark. Spark plugs have an insulated center electrode which is connected by a heavily insulated wire to an ignition coil circuit on the outside, forming, with a grounded terminal on the base of the plug, a spark gap inside the cylinder.

As the electrons flow from the coil, a voltage difference develops between the center electrode and side electrode. No current can flow because the fuel and air in the gap is an insulator, but s the voltage rises further, it begins to change the structure of the gases between the electrodes. Once the voltage exceeds the dielectric strength of the gases, the gases become ionized. The ionized gas becomes a conductor and allow electrons to flow across the gap. Spark plugs usually require voltage in excess of 20,000 volts to 'fire' properly.

Because the spark plug is inside the engine and is the only easily removable part it can be used as an indicator to the state of tune and condition of the engine. The spark plug also says if you need to change anything in the mechanics. Below is some photos and descriptions (source Champion spark plugs) of what spark plugs can look like given certain engine conditions. Most of engine have been a combination of the normal picture and the carbon fouled around the threaded base. These pictures look like the very extreme of what can happen if problems are allowed to continue and I don't think some of the plugs would actually fire in the condition that they are shown.

Normal Combustion deposits are slight and not heavy enough to cause any detrimental effect on engine performance. Note the brown to grayish tan color, and minimal amount of electrode erosion which clearly indicates the plug is in the correct heat range and has been operating in a "healthy" engine.	Carbon Fouled Soft, black, sooty deposits easily identify this plug condition. This is most often caused by an over-rich, air/fuel mixture. Check for a sticking choke, clogged air filter, or a carburetor problem - float level high, defective needle or seat, etc. This may also be attributed to weak ignition voltage, an inoperative preheating system (carburetor intake air), or extremely low cylinder compression.	Denotation Failure This form of abnormal combustion has fractured the insulator core nose of the plug. The explosion that occurs in this situation applies extreme pressures on internal engine components. Prime causes include ignition time advanced too far, lean air/fuel mixtures, and insufficient octane rating of the petrol.
Oil Fouled Too much oil is entering the combustion chamber. This is often caused by piston rings or cylinder walls that are badly worn. Oil may also be pulled into the chamber because of excessive clearance in the valve stem guides.A build-up of crankcase pressure which can force oil and oil vapors past the rings and valve guides into the combustion chamber can also cause this.	Mechanical Damage May be caused by a foreign object that has accidentally entered the combustion chamber. When this condition is discovered, check the other cylinders to prevent a recurrence, since it is possible for a small object to "travel" from one cylinder to another where a large degree of valve overlap exists. This condition may also be due to improper reach spark plugs that permit the piston to touch or collide with the firing end.	Worn out Plug This plug has served its useful life and should be replaced. The voltage required to fire the plug has approximately doubled and will continue to increase with additional miles of travel. Even higher voltage requirements, as much as 100% above normal, may occur when the engine is quickly accelerated. Poor engine performance and a loss in fuel economy are traits of a worn spark
Ash Fouled Plug A build-up of combustion deposits stemming primarily from the burning of oil and/or fuel additives during normal combustion, normally non-conductive. When heavier deposits are allowed to accumulate over a longer mileage period, they can "mask" the spark, resulting in a plug misfire condition.	Insulator Glazing Glazing appears as a yellowish, varnish-like color. This condition indicates that spark plug temperatures have risen suddenly during a hard, fast acceleration period. As a result, normal combustion deposits do not have an opportunity to "fluff-off" as they normally do. Instead, they melt to form a conductive coating and misfire will occur.	No Spark Plug Gap Rarely occurs in car engines, however, this condition is caused by similar conditions that produce splash fouling. Combustion deposits thrown loose may lodge between the electrodes, causing a dead short and misfire. Fluffy materials that accumulate on the side electrode may melt to bridge the gap when the engine is suddenly put under a heavy load.
Overheated Spark Plug A clean, white insulator firing tip and/or excessive electrode erosion indicates this spark plug condition. This is often caused by over advanced ignition, timing, poor engine cooling system efficiency, a very lean air/fuel mixture, or a leaking intake manifold. When these conditions prevail, even a plug of the correct heat range will overheat	Splash Fouled Plug Appears as "spotted" deposits on the firing tip of the insulator and often occurs after a long delayed tune-up. By-products of combustion may loosen suddenly when normal combustion temperatures are restored. During hard acceleration these materials shed from the piston crown or valve heads, and are thrown against the hot insulator surface.	Pre Ignition Usually one or a combination of several engine operating conditions are the prime causes of pre-ignition. It may originate from glowing combustion chamber deposits, hot spots in the combustion chamber due to poor control of engine heat, cross-firing (electrical induction between spark plug wires), or the plug heat range is too high for the engine or its operating conditions.

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what should to do if we got motor bike accident

Motorcycle crashes are considered as the worst vehicle accident, since they frequently result in serious injuries or death. Since motorcycles can be driven at high speeds and afford their riders minimal protection, injuries are reported, by some estimates, in a staggering 98% of motorcycle accidents!

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a motorcycle rider is 8 times more likely to be injured and 37 times more likely to die in a motorcycle accident than the occupant of a car in an automobile accident!

Just in the past decade, motorcycle accident deaths have not simply climbed steadily; they have actually doubled, in part due to the fact that more and more motorcycles are being purchased each year, not only by younger riders, but, increasingly, by riders over 40.

What Should You Do After a Motorcycle Accident?

• Escape Immediate Danger: The scene of a motorcycle accident is a dangerous one, since nearly 62% of wrecks involve fuel leaks and spills. Therefore, your first step should be to distance yourself from any fire hazard.
• Get Medical Care: If you are injured in the motorcycle crash, you should be taken to an emergency room for prompt medical care. Head and chest injuries are among the primary causes of death in motorcycle accidents, so you should undergo examination by doctors and obtain necessary diagnostic tests (like x-rays and MRIs) without delay.
• Report the Accident: Unless you are transported from the scene by ambulance, call the police and report the motorcycle crash. A police report will document the facts of the wreck and will identify the parties involved, along with any witnesses. All too often, a motorcycle accident is blamed on the rider of the bike, which makes it critical that you protect yourself early on.
• Call a Reputable Attorney: Contact a reputable motorcycle accident lawyer as soon as you possibly can. There is a great deal of investigation that must be done after a motorcycle crash, and it is best to start it before evidence and witnesses disappear. A knowledgeable motorcycle accident attorney will not only make sure your claim is competently handled from the outset, but will help you obtain the proper medical care that you need.

Investigating the Motorcycle Accident

In order to recover compensation for injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident, the law of negligence requires you to prove that the crash was the fault of another driver or entity.

A thorough investigation of a motorcycle accident is usually complicated, requiring the services of a capable motorcycle accident lawyer and his team of experts to establish driver fault or find an alternative cause for the motorcycle crash, such as a dangerous road condition or a vehicular defect.

• Establishing Driver Fault. Statistics show that nearly 70% of motorcycle accidents involving multiple vehicles are caused by drivers who violate a motorcyclist's right of way. In fact, the failure of car drivers to see motorcyclists in traffic is a leading cause of motorcycle crashes. Failing to check blind spots, misjudging the speed of a motorcycle, and tailgaiting can often lead to motorcycle accidents.
• Assessing Road Conditions. Studies repeatedly confirm that roadway conditions - undivided highways, curves, and defects (like potholes and pavement ridges) - are contributing factors in motorcycle crash injuries and fatalities. Motorcycles, being two-wheel vehicles, are less stable than full-sized cars and vulnerable on poorly maintained roads. Intersections, for example, have a high incidence of multi-vehicle motorcycle accidents, while many single-vehicle motorcycle accidents occur along curves and on undivided highways. Why? Is there a problem with the design or construction of these roadways? Are they furnished with appropriate signs? Do their traffic controls function properly? These are key questions for your motorcycle accident lawyer to answer in the course of a full investigation.
• Inspecting Bikes and Safety Gear. Up to 3% of motorcycle accidents are caused by vehicle failure, necessitating prompt inspection of the bike by qualified experts. Similarly, the makers of safety gear must comply with applicable government standards to ensure a rider's safety in case of a motorcycle crash. For instance, all helmets have to meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 218. In case of a head injury, then, a conscientious motorcycle accident attorney would engage the services of an expert to assess the helmet's performance in the crash by examining its style and weight, the thickness of its lining, and sturdiness of its chin strap and rivets.

While tracking down all responsible parties for a wreck, an astute motorcycle accident lawyer will make sure that no blame is assigned to the motorcyclist himself. Oftentimes, bikers are partly blamed for a motorcycle crash based on arguments that they were driving too fast or veering in and out of lanes in an unsafe manner. Comparative negligence on the part of the motorcycle rider may result in a reduction of damages! If the motorcyclist is found to be 10% at fault for the accident, then his recovery is reduced by 10%. If he is deemed 50% at fault, then his damages are cut in half! A vigilant motorcycle accident lawyer will protect his client's interests by making every effort to negate any comparative negligence arguments.

Maximizing Sources of Recovery for Motorcycle Accident Injuries

• Drivers, Owners, and Employers. Drivers and owners of vehicles who cause a motorcycle accident are responsible for the injuries the wreck inflicts. But responsibility does not end there. If your motorcycle accident was caused by a driver who was on the job or driving a company car or truck, you would be able to pursue compensation not just against the driver, but his or her employer as well.
• Governmental Entities. If defective design, construction, or maintenance of public roadways constitutes a dangerous condition, the governmental entity that exercises dominion and control over those roadways bears blame for your motorcycle accident. Claims against governmental entities, however, have strict filing deadlines, usually as short as six months. It is imperative that you consult a knowledgeable motorcycle accident lawyer right away, so as not to miss these deadlines and lose your claim rights.
• Manufacturers. If bike failure due to defective motorcycle design, manufacture, or assembly contributed to the crash, the maker of the motorcycle would be a target defendant in your case. If a failure in safety gear, such as a helmet, exacerbated your injuries, then the item's makers and sellers would serve as further sources of recovery.

Pursuing Damages for Motorcycle Accident Injuries

Many motorcycle accidents tragically end in death. If someone you love has suffered fatal injuries in a motorcycle crash.

Studies have shown that the losses from motorcycle accidents can be 4 to 12 times higher than losses from other vehicular accidents. A skilled motorcycle accident lawyer, however, can help you recover:

• Medical Bills. Serious injuries sustained in a motorcycle crash can trigger astronomical bills. For example, hospitalization at a trauma center for a head injury can costs upwards of $30,000 to $40,000! An experienced motorcycle accident attorney will help you recover the costs for any hospital stay, surgery, doctors' visits, diagnostic tests (like x-rays, MRIs, and CT scans), physical and rehabilitative therapy, and chiropractic care. You may further be entitled to the costs of future medical care, if your conditions will require ongoing treatment.
• Pain and Suffering. A motorcycle accident may inflict a wide range of injuries, whether they be temporary (such as road rash), longer-term (such as broken bones), or disabling (such as a severed spine or trauma to the brain). The law allows for compensation for the pain and suffering associated with such motorcycle accident injuries, yet it does not provide a fixed formula to calculate that compensation. To recover the maximum amount that your injuries warrant, you will need the help of an expert motorcycle injury lawyer who is equipped with the knowledge and experience to best evaluate your claim.
• Wage Loss. If your motorcycle accident injuries prevent you from working, then all your lost wages may be included in any claim for recovery. Even if you used sick leave or vacation time during the recovery period, reimbursement may be available. What if your injuries leave you permanently disabled and unable to work ever again? In conjunction with an economist, a well-qualified motorcycle accident lawyer can calculate your future losses and recover for your diminution in earning capacity.

Although punitive damages - that is, damages aimed at punishing a party at fault - are rare in motorcycle accident cases, they may be appropriate in certain instances, such as when a driver who caused the motorcycle crash was motivated by road rage or was driving while under the influence of alcohol.

Choosing the Right Motorcycle Accident Lawyer

To prevail in your motorcycle accident claim, you must choose the right motorcycle accident lawyer. A reputable motorcycle accident lawyer will

• Investigate the motorcycle accident promptly and thoroughly;
• Preserve evidence of the motorcycle crash before it is lost;
• Locate witnesses to the motorcycle accident;
• Obtain photographs of the motorcycle crash scene;
• Establish the defendants' fault for the motorcycle accident;
• Inspect the motorcycle and safety gear for potential defects;
• Protect you from filing deadlines;
• Sue all responsible parties;
• Hire the right experts;
• Recover your medical expenses and lost wages; and
• Maximize your pain and suffering damages for your motorcycle accident injuries.

www.robertreeveslaw.com

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Yamaha XT250 2009 spec

Engine
Type	249cc air-cooled, SOHC 4-stroke single
Bore x Stroke	74.0 x 58.0mm
Compression Ratio	9.5:1
Fuel Delivery	33mm Vac
Ignition	CDI
Transmission	5-speed w/manual clutch
Final Drive	Chain
Chassis
Suspension/Front	35mm telescopic fork; 8.9-in travel
Suspension/Rear	Swingarm w/rebound-adjustable single shock; 7.1-in travel
Brakes/Front	245mm disc
Brakes/Rear	203mm disc
Tires/Front	2.75-21
Tires/Rear	120/80-18
Dimensions
Length	84.6 in
Width	31.7 in
Height	45.7 in
Seat Height	31.9 in
Wheelbase	53.5 in
Ground Clearance	11.2 in
Fuel Capacity	2.6 gal (CA 2.4 gal)
Fuel Economy**	73 mpg
Wet Weight	N/A
Other
Warranty	1 Year (Limited Factory Warranty)

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Yamaha WR250X spec

Engine
Type 250cc liquid-cooled DOHC 4-stroke;4 valves
Bore x Stroke 77.0 x 53.6mm
Compression Ratio 11.8:1
Fuel Delivery Fuel injection
Ignition Direct ignition coil
Transmission Constant-mesh 6-speed; multiplate wet clutch
Final Drive Chain

Chassis
Suspension/Front Inverted fork; fully adjustable, 10.6-in travel
Suspension/Rear Single shock; fully adjustable, 10.6-in travel
Brakes/Front Hydraulic single-disc brake, 298mm
Brakes/Rear Hydraulic single-disc brake, 230mm
Tires/Front 110/70-17
Tires/Rear 140/70-17
Dimensions
Length 83.1 in
Width 31.9 in
Height 46.9 in
Seat Height 35.2 in
Wheelbase 56.1 in
Ground Clearance 10.2 in
Fuel Capacity 2.0 gal
Fuel Economy** 71 mpg
Wet Weight 299 lb (CA 301 lb)
Other
Warranty 1 Year (Limited Factory Warranty)

yamaha-motor.com

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CBR 1000RR 2009 Spec

Engine Type : 999cc liquid-cooled inline four-cylinder
Bore And Stroke : 76mm x 55.1mm
Induction :Dual Stage Fuel Injection (DSFI)
Ignition : Computer-controlled digital transistorized with three-dimensional mapping
Compression Ratio : 12.3:1
Valve : DOHC; four valves per cylinder



Transmission : Close-ratio six-speed
Final Drive : #530 O-ring-sealed chain

Front Suspension : 43mm inverted HMAS cartridge fork with spring preload, rebound and compression damping adjustability; 4.3 inches travel
Rear Suspension : Unit Pro-Link® HMAS™ single shock with spring preload rebound and compression-damping adjustability; 5.4 inches travel
Front Brake : Dual radial-mounted four-piston calipers with 320 mm discs
Rear Brake : Single 220 mm disc
Front Tire : 120/70ZR-17 radial
Rear Tire : 190/50ZR-17 radial


Rake : (Caster Angle): 23.3°
Trail : 96.2mm (3.8 inches)
Wheelbase : 55.4 inches
Seat Height : 32.3 inches
Curb Weight : 439 pounds (Includes all standard equipment, required fluids and full tank of fuel--ready to ride.)
Fuel Capacity : 4.7 gallons, including 1.06-gallon reserve

Available Colors :Black, Pearl White/Light Silver Metallic, Repsol Edition (Blue/White/Orange/Red)
Model Id : CBR10RR

Emissions Meets current EPA standards. California version meets current CARB standards and may differ slightly due to emissions equipment.
NOTE Standard against which all other literbikes are measured

FACTORY WARRANTY INFORMATION

One Year Transferable one-year, unlimited-mileage limited warranty; extended coverage available with a Honda Protection Plan.measured

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Honda CBR600RR 2009 spec

Engine
Engine Type : 599cc liquid-cooled inline four-cylinder
Bore And Stroke : 67mm x 42.5mm
Induction : Dual Stage Fuel Injection (DSFI) with 40mm throttle bodies, Denso 12-hole injectors Ignition : Computer-controlled digital transistorized with three-dimensional mapping Compression Ratio : 12.2:1
Valve :DOHC four valves per cylinder
Transmission : Close-ratio six-speed
Final Drive : #525 O-ring chain
Front Suspension : 41mm inverted HMAS cartridge fork with spring-preload, rebound and compression damping adjustability; 4.7 inches travel
Rear Suspension :Unit Pro-Link HMAS single shock with spring preload, rebound and compression damping adjustability; 5.1 inches travel
Front Brake : Dual radial-mounted four-piston calipers with 310mm discs
Rear Brake : Single 220mm disc
Front Tire : 120/70ZR-17 radial
Rear Tire : 180/55ZR-17 radial
Dimensions
Rake : (Caster Angle): 23.5° Trail : 97.7mm (3.8 inches)
Wheelbase : 53.9 inches
Seat Height : 32.3 inches
Curb Weight : 410 pounds (Includes all standard equipment, required fluids and a full tank of fuel—ready to ride) / 432 pounds (with Optional C-ABS)
Fuel Capacity : 4.8 gallons, including 0.9-gallon reserve

Available Colors : Red / Black, Black / Bright Green Metallic, Metallic Black, Phoenix,[Pearl White / Pearl Blue / Red - limited edition]
Model Id : CBR600RR
Emissions Meets current EPA standards. California version meets current California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards and may differ slightly due to emissions equipment NOTE Raises performance standards to new heights

FACTORY WARRANTY INFORMATION
One Year Transferable one-year, unlimited-mileage limited warranty; extended coverage available with a Honda Protection Plan.

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